WORDPLAY
- the son of Zeus and Alcmene, renowned for his strength and courage, esp. as shown in his performance of twelve labours imposed on him
- a large N constellation between Ophiuchus and Draco
FAST FACTS
Hera, in Greek mythology, queen of the gods, wife of Zeus, identified with Roman goddess Juno
Eurystheus, mythological figure; cousin of Hercules who made him perform the famed 12 labours
Augean stables, in classical mythology, stables of the king of Elis, whose oxen stables Hercules cleaned
Alpheus (modern Ruphia), river of Peloponnesus, Greece; drains part of Arcadia; enters Mediterranean Sea near Pyrgos; 100 mi (160 km) long
Salamvria (also called Salambria, ancient Peneus, in Greek Peneios), chief river of Thessaly, Greece; 100 mi (160 km) long
Diomedes, mythological figure, king of Thrace; had flesh-eating wild mares
Hippolyta, queen of the Amazons in Greek mythology; wore famous girdle given her by father, Ares; in Shakespeare’s ‘Midsummer Night’s Dream’
Erytheia, in Greek mythology, island beyond the Strait of Gibraltar; home of the monster Geryon
Hesperides, in Greek mythology, nymphs who guarded the golden apples of the Tree of Life, wedding gift to his bride, Hera, from Zeus
Atlas, in Greek mythology, one of the Titans who rebelled against Zeus; as punishment he had to bear the weight of the world on his shoulders; name given to a book containing maps of the world
Hades (or Pluto), in Greek mythology, god of lower world, also name of lower world
Nessus, in Greek and Roman mythology, centaur slain by Hercules
The strongest and most celebrated of the heroes of classical mythology, Hercules, called Heracles by the Greeks, was the son of the god Zeus and the mortal Alcmene. The goddess Hera, who hated the infant Hercules, sent two serpents to destroy him in his cradle, but Hercules strangled them. As a boy Hercules was trained by the centaur Chiron.
When Hercules was a young man, two maidens came to him. Arete represented virtue; Kakia was vice. Kakia offered Hercules pleasure and riches if he would follow her. Arete offered him only glory for a lifelong struggle against evil. Hercules chose to be guided by Arete.
In a fit of frenzy caused by Hera, Hercules slew his own children. To atone he had to serve his cousin King Eurystheus, who ordered him to perform the tasks known as the 12 labours of Hercules.
The first was the slaying of the Nemean lion. Hercules strangled the animal and wore the lion’s skin. He then slew the Hydra, a terrible serpent with nine heads. The third and fourth labours involved the capture of two wild creatures the Ceryneian stag with golden horns and the wild Erymanthian boar.
For his next labour Hercules had to clean the Augean stables, which had not been cleaned for 30 years. He turned two rivers, the Alpheus and the Peneus, through the stables, finishing the work in a single day. Next he slew the fierce Stymphalian birds, after which he captured the Cretan bull. Then he captured the flesh-eating wild mares of Diomedes, king of Thrace. Hercules killed Diomedes and fed him to the horses. He then had to obtain the belt of Hippolyta, queen of the Amazons. He defeated the Amazons, killed the queen, and took the belt. For his tenth labour Hercules captured the oxen of the monster Geryon, which dwelt on the fabled island Erytheia.
The last two labours were the most difficult. One involved stealing the golden apples guarded by four sister nymphs called the Hesperides. Their father was Atlas, who supported the heavens on his back. To obtain the apples Hercules took Atlas’s place while Atlas took the apples. Finally Hercules travelled to Hades, where he captured Cerberus, the many-headed dog who guarded the gates of the underworld. He brought Cerberus to Eurystheus, but the king was so terrified that Hercules had to return to Hades to take the monster back.
Having completed the 12 tasks, Hercules was now free, but he performed other feats. The centaur Nessus tried to carry off Hercules’ wife, Deianeira. Hercules shot Nessus with a poisoned arrow. The dying centaur had Deianeira keep some of his blood as a love charm. When Hercules fell in love with another maiden, Deianeira sent him a robe steeped in the blood. Hercules put it on, and poison spread through his body like fire. He fled to Mount Oeta, built a funeral fire, and threw himself on it to die.
Hercules’ heroic strength inspired many works of art. A fine example in sculpture is the Farnese Hercules, a copy of an earlier work by the ancient sculptor Lysippus.
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